Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, Vol 12, 911-919, Copyright © 1992 by American Heart Association

ARTICLES

Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta- analysis of 27 trials

RP Mensink and MB Katan
Department of Human Biology, Limburg University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

To calculate the effect of changes in carbohydrate and fatty acid intake on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, we reviewed 27 controlled trials published between 1970 and 1991 that met specific inclusion criteria. These studies yielded 65 data points, which were analyzed by multiple regression analysis using isocaloric exchanges of saturated (sat), monounsaturated (mono), and polyunsaturated (poly) fatty acids versus carbohydrates (carb) as the independent variables. For high density lipoprotein (HDL) we found the following equation: delta HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) = 0.012 x (carb----sat) + 0.009 x (carb----mono) + 0.007 x (carb---- poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, 0.47 x (carb--- -sat) + 0.34 x (carb----mono) + 0.28 x (carb----poly). Expressions in parentheses denote the percentage of daily energy intake from carbohydrates that is replaced by saturated, cis-monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. All fatty acids elevated HDL cholesterol when substituted for carbohydrates, but the effect diminished with increasing unsaturation of the fatty acids. For low density lipoprotein (LDL) the equation was delta LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) = 0.033 x (carb--- -sat) - 0.006 x (carb----mono) - 0.014 x (carb----poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, 1.28 x (carb----sat) - 0.24 x (carb----mono) - 0.55 x (carb---- poly). The coefficient for polyunsaturates was significantly different from zero, but that for monounsaturates was not. For triglycerides the equation was delta triglycerides (mmol/l) = - 0.025 x (carb----sat) - 0.022 x (carb----mono) - 0.028 x (carb---- poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, -2.22 x (carb----sat) - 1.99 x (carb----mono) - 2.47 x (carb----poly).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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				T. Gulesserian and K. Widhalm Effect of a Rapeseed Oil Substituting Diet on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Children and Adolescents with Familial Hypercholesterolemia J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 21(2): 103 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. K. Heilbronn, M. Noakes, and P. M. Clifton The Effect of High- and Low-Glycemic Index Energy Restricted Diets on Plasma Lipid and Glucose Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects with Varying Glycemic Control J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 21(2): 120 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Hyson, B. O. Schneeman, and P. A. Davis Almonds and Almond Oil Have Similar Effects on Plasma Lipids and LDL Oxidation in Healthy Men and Women J. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 132(4): 703 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Montoya, A. Porres, S. Serrano, J. C. Fruchart, P. Mata, J. A. G. Gerique, and G. R. Castro Fatty acid saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and cholesterol efflux capacity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2002; 75(3): 484 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, J. E Manson, J. E Buring, M. J Stampfer, W. C Willett, and P. M Ridker Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2002; 75(3): 492 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J Schaefer Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2002; 75(2): 191 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M Ordovas, D. Corella, L A. Cupples, S. Demissie, A. Kelleher, O. Coltell, P. W. Wilson, E. J Schaefer, and K. Tucker Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the effects of the APOA1 G-A polymorphism on HDL-cholesterol concentrations in a sex-specific manner: the Framingham Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2002; 75(1): 38 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. J. Sanchez-Muniz, M. C. Merinero, S. Rodriguez-Gil, J. M Ordovas, S. Rodenas, and C. Cuesta Dietary Fat Saturation Affects Apolipoprotein AII Levels and HDL Composition in Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., January 1, 2002; 132(1): 50 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Willett, M. Stampfer, N.-F. Chu, D. Spiegelman, M. Holmes, and E. Rimm Assessment of Questionnaire Validity for Measuring Total Fat Intake using Plasma Lipid Levels as Criteria Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2001; 154(12): 1107 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Mahley, P. Arslan, G. Pekcan, G. M. Pepin, A. Agacdiken, N. Karaagaoglu, N. Rakicioglu, B. Nursal, P. Dayanikli, K. E. Palaoglu, et al. Plasma lipids in Turkish children: impact of puberty, socioeconomic status, and nutrition on plasma cholesterol and HDL J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2001; 42(12): 1996 - 2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Munoz, M. Merlos, D. Zambon, C. Rodriguez, J. Sabate, E. Ros, and J. C. Laguna Walnut-enriched diet increases the association of LDL from hypercholesterolemic men with human HepG2 cells J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2001; 42(12): 2069 - 2076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Merkel, W. Velez-Carrasco, L. C. Hudgins, and J. L. Breslow Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptor-deficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice PNAS, October 16, 2001; (2001) 231490498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Houterman, W. Verschuren, C. Oomen, C. Boersma-Cobbaert, and D Kromhout Trends in total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and their determinants in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997 Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 1063 - 1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Koutsari, F. Karpe, S. M. Humphreys, K. N. Frayn, and A. E. Hardman Exercise Prevents the Accumulation of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Their Remnants Seen When Changing to a High-Carbohydrate Diet Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1520 - 1525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Rajaram, K. Burke, B. Connell, T. Myint, and J. Sabate A Monounsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Pecan-Enriched Diet Favorably Alters the Serum Lipid Profile of Healthy Men and Women J. Nutr., September 1, 2001; 131(9): 2275 - 2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. van Wijk, M. C. Cabezas, C. J. Halkes, and D W. Erkelens Effects of different nutrient intakes on daytime triacylglycerolemia in healthy, normolipemic, free-living men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2001; 74(2): 171 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]